DISCOVERY / INVENTION IN MEDICAL SCIENCE

DISCOVERY / INVENTION IN MEDICAL SCIENCE

SNo	Discovery / Invention	Year	Discoverer / Inventor	Country
1	Adrenaline	1894	Schafer and Oliver	Britain
2	Anesthesia, Local	1885	Koller	Austria
3	Anesthesia, Spinal	1898	Bier	Germany
4	Anti-toxins (Science of Immunity)	1890	Behring and Kitasato	Germany, Japan
5	Aspirin	1889	Dreser	Germany
6	Ayurveda	2000-1000 BC		India
7	Bacteria	1683	Leeuwenhock	Netherlands
8	Bacteriology	1872	Ferdinand Cohn	Germany
9	Biochemistry	1648	Jan Baptista Van Helmont	Belgium
10	Blood Plasma storage (Blood bank)	1940	Drew	U.S.A
11	Blood Transfusion	1625	Jean-Baptiste Denys	France
12	Cardiac Pacemaker	1932	A.S Hyman	U.S.A
13	CAT Scanner	1968	Godfrey Hounsfield	Britain
14	Chemotherapy	1493-1541	Paracelsus	Switzerland
15	Chloroform as anaesthetic	1847	James Simpson	Britain
16	Chloromycetin	1947	Burkholder	U.S.A
17	Cholera T.B germs	1877	Robert Koch	Germany
18	Circulation of blood	1628	William Harvey	Britain
19	Cryo-Surgery	1953	Henry Swan	U.S.A
20	Diphtheria germs	1883-84	Klebs and Loffler	Germany
21	Electro-Cardiograph	1903	Willem Einthoven	Netherlands
22	Electro-encephalogram	1929	Hand Berger	Germany
23	Embryology	1792-1896	Kari Ernest Van Baer	Estonia
24	Endocrinology	1902	Bayliss and Starling	Britain
25	First Test Tube Baby	1978	Steptoe and Edwards	Britain
26	Gene Therapy on humans	1980	Martin Clive	U.S.A
27	Genes associated with cancer	1982	Robert Weinberg and others	U.S.A
28	Heart Transplant Surgery	1967	Christian Barnard	S. Africa
29	Histology	1771-1802	Marie Bichat	France
30	Hypodermic syringe	1853	Alexander wood	Britain
31	Kidney Machine	1944	Kolf	Netherlands
32	Leprosy Bacillus	1873	Hansen	Norway
33	LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)	1943	Hoffman	Switzerland
34	Malaria Germs	1880	Laveran	France
35	Morphine	1805	Friderich Sertumer	Germany
36	Neurology	1758-1828	Franz Joseph Gall	Germany
37	Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging	1971	Raymond Damadian	U.S.A
38	Open Heart Surgery	1953	Walton Lillehel	U.S.A
39	Oral Contraceptive Pills	1955	Gregory Pincus, Rock	U.S.A
40	Penicillin	1928	Alexander Fleming	Britain
41	Physiology	1757-66	Albrecht Von Haller	Switzerland
42	Positron emission Tomography	1978	Louis Sokoloff	U.S.A
43	Rabies Vaccine	1860	Louis Pasteur	France
44	Recombinant-DNA technology	1972-73	Paul Berg, H.W. Boyer,S Cohen	U.S.A
45	Reserpine	1949	Jal Vakil	India
46	Rh-factor	1940	Karl Landsteiner	U.S.A
47	Serology	1884-1915	Paul Ehrlich	Germany
48	Sex hormones	1910	Eugen Steinach	Australia
49	Small Pox eradicated	1980	W.H.O Declaration	UN
50	Stethoscope	1819	Rene Laennec	France
51	Streptomycin	1944	Selman Waksmann	U.S.A
52	Synthetic Antigens	1917	Landsteiner	U.S.A
53	Terramycin	1950	Finlay and Others	U.S.A
54	Thyroxin	1919	Edward Calvin-Kendall	U.S.A
55	Typhus Vaccine	1909	J. Nicolle	France
56	Vaccination	1796	Edward Jenner	Britain
57	Vaccine, Measles	1963	Enders	U.S.A
58	Vaccine, Meningitis	1987	Gardon, et al. Connaught Lab	U.S.A
59	Vaccine, Polio	1954	Jonas Salk	U.S.A
60	Vaccine, Polio-orai	1960	Albert Sabin	U.S.A
61	Vaccine, Rabies	1885	Louis Pasteur	France
62	Vaccine, Smallpox	1776	Jenner	Britain
63	Virology	1892	Ivanovski and Bajernick	USSR, Netherlands
64	Vitamin A	1913	Mc Collum and M. Davis	U.S.A
65	Vitamin B1	1936	Minot and Murphy	U.S.A
66	Vitamin C	1919	Froelich Holst	Norway
67	Vitamin D	1925	Mc Collum	U.S.A
68	Vitamin K	1938	Doisy Dam	U.S.A
69	Western Scientific Therapy	460-370 BC	Hippocrates	Greece
70	Yoga	200-100 BC	Patanjali	India

Science Question Answers – Part 2

26. Question: Why does a thermometer kept in boiling water show no change in reading after 100⁰C?
Answer: The boiling point of water is 100⁰C. Once water starts boiling at this temperature, thermometer records no change in temperature. The quantity of heat supplied is being utilized as latent heat of evaporation to convert the water at boiling point into vapour.
27. Question: Why do we bring our hands close to the mouth while shouting across to someone far away?
Answer: By keeping hands close to mouth the sound is not allowed to spread (Phenomenon of diffraction of sound) in all direction, but is directed to a particular direction and becomes louder.
28. Question: Why does a corked bottle filled with water burst if left out on a frosty night?
Answer: Because of low temperature the water inside the bottle freezes. On freezing it expands, thereby its volume increases and pressure is exerted on the walls.
29. Question: Why is a small gap left at the joint between two rails?
Answer: To permit expansion of rails due to heat generated by friction of a moving train.
30. Question: Why cannot a copper wire be used to make elements in electric heater?
Answer: Copper melts at 108.3⁰C and forms a black powder on reacting with atmospheric oxygen. For heater elements a metal should have more resistance to produce heat.
31. Question: Why are water or mercury droplets always round when dropped on a clean glass?
Answer: The surface of a liquid is the seat of a special force as a result of which molecules on the surface are bound together to form something like a stretched membrane. They tend to compress the molecules below to the smallest possible volume, which causes the drop to take a round shape as for a given mass he sphere has minimum volume.
32. Question: Why does a balloon filled with hydrogen rise in the air?
Answer: Weight of hydrogen is less than the weight of air displaced by it. In balloons hydrogen is normally filled because it is lighter than air.
33. Question: Why do we lean forward while climbing a hill?
Answer: In order to keeps the vertical line passing through our centre of gravity always between our feet, which is essential to attain equilibrium or stability.
34. Question: Why does smoke curl up in the air?
Answer: Smoke contains hot gases which being lighter in weight, follows a curved path because of the eddy currents that are set up in the air.
35. Question: Why does an electric bulb explode when it is broken?
Answer: The bulb encompasses partial vacuum and as it breaks, air rushes in causing a small explosion.
36. Question: Why does a man fall forward when he jumps out of a running train or bus?
Answer: He is in motion while in the train or bus. When he jumps out, his feet comes to rest while touching the ground but his upper portion which is still in motion propels him forward.
37. Question: Why does an ordinary glass tumbler crack when very hot tea or milk is poured in it?
Answer: When a hot liquid is poured into a tumbler, the inner layer of the tumbler gets heated, it expands before the outer layer and an unequal expansion of both layers causes the tumbler to crack.
38. Question: Why is a compass used as an indicator of direction?
Answer: The magnetic needles of a compass under the influence f the earth?s magnetic field lie in a north-south direction. Hence, we can identify direction.
39. Question: Why is water from a hand pump warm in winter and cold in summer?
Answer: In winter, the outside temperature is lower than that of water flowing out of the pump, and therefore, the water is warm. Whereas in summer, the outside temperature is higher than the water of the pump, and therefore, it feels cold.
41. Question: Why is a rainbow seen after a shower?
Answer: After a shower, the clouds containing water droplets act like a prism through which the white light is dispersed producing a spectrum.
42. Question: Why does a swimming pool appear less deep than is actually is?
Answer: The rays of light coming from the bottom of the pool pass from a denser medium (water) to a rarer medium (air) and are refracted (bend away from the normal). When the rays return to the surface, they form an image of the bottom of the pool at a point, which is little above the real position.
43. Question: Why is one?s breath visible in winter but not in summer?
Answer: In winter, water vapor contained in the breath condenses into small droplets, which become visible but in summer they are quickly evaporated and not seen.
44. Question: Why doesn?t the electric filament in an electric bulb burn up?
Answer: Firstly, because is made of tungsten which has a very high melting point (3410⁰C) whereas the temperature of the filament required to glow is only 2700oC. Secondly, oxygen is absent since the bulb is filled with an inert gas which does not help in burning.
45. Question: Why does blotting paper absorb ink?
Answer: Blotting paper has fine pores, which act like capillaries. When a portion of blotting paper is brought in contact with ink, ink enters the pores due to surface tension (capillary action f liquids) and is absorbed.
46. Question: Why does a small iron sink in water but a large ship float?
Answer: The weight of water displaced by an iron ball is less than its own weight, whereas water displaced by the immersed portion of a ship is equal to its weight (Archimedes? Principle).
47. Question: Why does ice float on water?
Answer: The weight of the ice block is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the immersed portion of the ice.
48. Question: Why does moisture gather outside a tumbler containing cold water?
Answer: The water vapour in the air condenses on cooling and appears as droplets of water.
49. Question: Why does kerosene float on water?
Answer: Because the density of kerosene is less than that of water. For the same reason cream rises in milk and floats at the top.
50. Question: Why is the water in an open pond cool even on a hot summer day?
Answer: As the water evaporates from the open surface of a pond, heat is taken away in the process, leaving the surface cool.